8 years) was in fact randomized so you’re able to every day calcium supplements supplementation (step one,200 milligrams) to possess couple of years. Whenever you are no increase in the chance having prostate malignant tumors could have been said throughout a beneficial 10.step 3-12 months follow-right up, calcium supplements supplementation contributed to a serious exposure reduction in that point spanning away from two years immediately after cures reach 2 years immediately following treatment finished (150). Inside the a review of the literary works composed last year, the united states Agencies to own Medical care Lookup and High quality revealed that not all epidemiological studies receive a connection between calcium supplements intake and you may prostate disease (151). The new review stated that 6 off 11 observational knowledge were not successful locate mathematically extreme positive connectivity anywhere between prostate cancer and you can calcium intake. But really, in the four knowledge, day-after-day intakes out-of 921 to dos,100 milligrams of calcium supplements was in fact discovered to be for the an enhanced threat of development prostate cancers when compared to intakes varying out-of 455 to at least one,100000 milligrams/date (151). Inconsistencies among training strongly recommend state-of-the-art interactions between the chance activities to own prostate cancer tumors, in addition to echo the issues away from assessing the outcome away from calcium supplements consumption within the totally free-way of life people. Instance, the fact that people who have large milk products and you can/or calcium consumption were found to be very likely to feel engaged in fit life-style or maybe more planning seek medical attention can decrease new analytical requirement for a connection having prostate malignant tumors exposure (152).
Would calcium supplements improve risk getting heart disease?
Multiple observational knowledge and you may randomized managed trials have increased issues out-of the potential negative effects off calcium toward cardiovascular chance. The research of data on the Kuopio Osteoporosis Exposure Grounds and you will Prevention (OSTPRE) potential studies discovered that pages of calcium supplements amongst ten,555 Finnish lady (years 52-62 ages) got a good fourteen% higher risk of making coronary artery disease than the non-enhance pages throughout a mean pursue-upwards away from six.75 many years (153). The mark study of 23,980 professionals (35-64 yrs old) of Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Analysis to your Cancer and you will Nourishment cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) seen you to supplemental calcium supplements intake is actually undoubtedly for the exposure of myocardial infarction (coronary attack) however on risk of stroke otherwise heart disease (CVD)-associated mortality after a hateful realize-right up regarding eleven age (154). Yet, the effective use of calcium (?400 milligrams/date against. 0 milligrams/day) is actually from the a greater risk https://datingranking.net/fr/rencontres-nudiste/ of CVD-related death within the 219,059 men, not inside 169,170 lady, within the Federal Institute away from Fitness (NIH)-AARP Diet and Wellness data and adopted for an indicate months from twelve decades. CVD death from inside the boys has also been seen to be notably highest that have complete (diet including supplemental) calcium intakes of just one,500 milligrams/go out and you can over (155).
Till the dating between calcium supplements and you will prostate disease is explained, it is practical for men for eating a maximum of step one,one hundred thousand to 1,two hundred mg/day of calcium (diet and pills combined), that’s demanded because of the Food and Nourishment Board of Institute out-of Treatments (find RDA) (9)
In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study – in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).
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